Notes
1 Eugene K. Keefe, Area Handbook for Portugal (Washington, DC:
GPO, 1977), 14.
2 Ibid., 15.
3 Luis Vaz de Camoes, The Lusiads, trans. William C. Atkinson (London:
Penguin Books, 1952), 20.
4 August Mark Vaz, The Portuguese in California (Oakland, CA: I.D.E.S. Supreme
Council, 1965), 3.
5 Keefe, 13.
6 Ibid., 16.
7 Donald R. Taft, Two Portuguese Communities in New England (Ph.D. diss., Columbia, 1923; reprint, New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969), 24.
8 Walter Frederick Walker, The Azores: or Western Islands (London: Trubner
& Company, 1886), 4.
9 Vaz, 5; Marcu Cheke, "The Portuguese Character," in Portugal and Brazil, ed. H.V. Livermore. (London: Oxford University Press, 1953), 45.
10 Vaz, 6.
11 Ibid., 11.
12 Cheke, 45.
13 Taft, 30.
14 Manuel Luciano da Silva, Portuguese Pilgrims and Dighton Rock (Bristol, RI:
The Author, 1971), 67.
15 Taft, 32.
16 Cheke, 46.
17 Camoes, 7.
18 Walker, 20.
19 James H. Guill, A History of the Azores Islands (Menlo Park, CA: The Author,
1972), 57.
20 Walker, 23.
21 Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500-1600 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 95.
22 Henry Iliowizi, "In the World of the Azores," Harper's Monthly Magazine 104
(December 1901): 85.
23 "Azores," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1910), 85; Claude Dervenn, The Azores (Paris: Horizons de France, 1955), 14.
24 Dervenn, 13; Cestino Soares, California and the Portuguese: How the Portu-
guese Helped to Build Up California (Lisbon: SPN, 1939), 18-20.
25 Vaz, 14.
26 Soares, 18.
27 Lionel Holmes and Joseph D'Alessandro, Portuguese Pioneers of the Sacramento Area (Sacramento: Portuguese Historical and Cultural Society), 4.
28 Soares, 23-25.
29 Elaine Sanceau, Henry the Navigator: The Story of a Great Prince (New York:
W.W. Norton, 1947), 109.
30 Edward E. Crane, "Sons of the Azores on Cape Cod (Portuguese)," in Within our Gates, ed. Mary B. McLellan and Albert V. De Bonis (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1940), 5.
31 Guill, History, 55.
32 Camoes, 246.
33 Walker, 33; Samuel Eliot Morison, Portuguese Voyages to America in the
Fifteenth Century (New York: Octagon Books, 1965), 13.
34 Holmes, 6.
35 Guill, History, 56.
36 Morison, The Northern Voyages, 95.
37 Antonio Cordeyro, Historia Insulana das Ilhas a Portugal Sugeytas no Oceano
Occidental (Lisbon: Lisboa Occidental, 1717; reprint, Angra: Secretaria Regional da
Educacao e Cultura, 1981), 100; Antonio Lourenco da Silveira, Historia da Quatro ilhas
que Formam o Distrito da Horta (Horta:De Gracia, 1871; reprint, Angra: Regiao Autonoma dos Acores, 1981), 3.
38 George Henry Tinkham, History of Stanislaus County, California; With Bio-
graphical Sketches of the Leading Men and Women (Los Angeles: Historic Record Co.,
reprint, Evansville, IN: Unigraphic, 1979), 111.
39 David Armitage Bannerman and W. Mary, Birds of the Atlantic Islands. Vol. 3,
A History of the Birds of the Azores (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1966), 97.
40 Ibid., 8.
41 Walker, 11; Francis M. Rogers, Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras (North Quincy, MA: Christopher Publishing House, 1979), 30.
42 Morison, Portuguese Voyages, 14.
43 James H. Guill, A History of the Azores Islands: Handbook (Tulare, CA: Golden
Shield International, 1993), 124-125.
44 Ibid., 127.
45 Sanceau, 110.
46 Morison, Portuguese Voyages, 14.
47 Derveen, 17.
48 Walker, 12.
49 Ibid., 14.
50 Rogers, Atlantic, 29.
51 Walker, 15.
52 Rogers, Atlantic.
53 Guill, Handbook, 124; Morison, Portuguese Voyages, 13.
54 Sanceau, 285.
55 C. Raymond Beazley, Prince Henry the Navigator (New York: Barnes & Noble, 1968), 252.
56 Dervenn, 14.
57 Guill, Handbook, 130-132.
58 Alvin Graves, "Azorean Portuguese: A Study of the Portuguese Dairymen in the San Joaquin Valley of California" (Master's thesis, Fresno State College, 1969), 9.
59 Taft, 37.
60 Guill, History, 61.
61 Rogers, Atlantic, 50.
62 Walker, 5; Stephen L. Cabral, "Portuguese-American Feasting: Tradition and
Change in New Bedford, Massachusetts" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1978), 12.
63 Walker, 54-56; Taft, 37-38.
64 Cabral, 12.
65 Guill, History, 63.
66 Ibid.
67 Walker; Taft, 37-38.
68 Walker, 2.
69 Rogers, Atlantic, 44.
70 Guill, History, 60.
71 Rogers, Atlantic, 43.
72 Walker, 2.
73 Dervenn, 130.
74 Walker, 3.
75 Dervenn, 131.
76 C. Alice Baker, A Summer in the Azores with a Glimpse of Madeira (Boston:
Lee and Shepard, 1882), 41-44; Carlos Almeida, Portuguese Immigrants (The Centen-
nial Story of the Portuguese Union of the State of California) (San Leandro, CA: Supreme
Council of U.P.E.C., 1978), 1.
77 Guill, Handbook, 489-491.
78 Francisco Ernesto de Oliveira, Arte Flamenga no Acores (Acores: Governo Regional dos Acores, 1991), 66-130.
79 Guill, Handbook, 141.
80 Ibid., 81; Walker, 35.
81 Morison, Portuguese Voyages, 14.
82 Guill, History; Guill, Handbook, 152.
83 Guill, Handbook, 143.
84 Walker, 3.
85 Cabral, 15.
86 Guill, History, 83-85.
87 Ibid., 26.
88 Guill, Handbook, 4.
89 Guill, History, 27.
90 Ibid., 20.
91 Guill, Handbook, 5.
92 U.S. Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, The Azores or Western Islands, by C.P. de Kerhallet, trans. George M. Totten. (Washington, DC: GPO, 1874), 7.
93 Guill, History, 3; Jerry R. Williams, And Yet They Come: Portuguese Immi-
gration from the Azores to the United States (New York: Center for Migration Studies,
1982), 63.
94 Rogers, Atlantic, 35.
95 Ibid., 30; Graves, Azorean Portuguese, 7)
96 Dervenn, 114; Guill, History, 41.
97 Lyman H. Weeks, Among the Azores (Boston: John R. Osgood and Company, 1882), 21-22.
98 M. Borges de F. Henriques, A Trip to the Azores or Western Islands (Boston:
Lea and Shepard, 1867), 21.
99 Guill, Handbook, 22.
100 Dervenn, 10.
101 Guill, Handbook, 27.
102 Guill, History, 28.
103 Guill, Handbook, 23.
104 Roxana Dabney, comp., Annals of the Dabney Family in Fayal. (N.p.: The Author, 1900), 829.
105 Holmes, 18.
106 Guill, History, 22.
107 Guill, Handbook, 13-16.
108 Ibid., 13.
109 Ibid., 15.
110 Ibid., 16.
111 Baker, 42-43.
112 Cecilia Cardoza Emilio, Azorean Folk Customs (San Diego: Portuguese Historical Center, 1990), 22.
113 Dabney, 42.
114 Ibid., 24-25.
115 Guill, Handbook, 17-19.
116 Walker, 52-53.
117 Guill, Handbook, 20-21.
118 Dabney, 1098; Katherine Vaz, Saudade (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 1.
119 Guill, History, 33.
120 Dervenn, 35; David Higgs and Grace M. Anderson, "Portuguese," in The
Canadian Encyclopedia (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1985), 19.
121 Guill, History, 35.
122 Ibid., 41.
123 Ibid., 37.
124 Ibid., 43.
125 Borges, 51.
126 Guill, History, 43.
127 Ibid., 46.
128 Dervenn, 13.
129 Ibid.
130 Guill, Handbook, 32.
131 Frederick P. Marjay, The Azores: The Mysterious Archipelago (Lisbon: Livraria Bertrand, 1956), 11.
132 Guill, Handbook, 36.
133 Ibid., 604.
134 Guill, History, 75.
135 Williams, 60.
136 Rogers, Atlantic, 131.
137 Borges, 32; U.S. Hydrographic, 25.
138 Ibid.
139 Williams, 61; S.G.W. Benjamin, "Cruise Among the Azores," Scribners Monthly 6(September 1873): 518.
140 Baker, 77.
141 Dervenn, 108.
142 Graves, Azorean Portuguese, 12.
143 Dervenn.
144 Williams, 59.
145 Holmes, 19.
146 Williams, 64.
147 Ibid., 106.
148 Alexander Starbuck, History of the American Whale Fishery form Its Earlies
Inception to the Year 1876 (New York: Argosy-Antiquarian, 1964), 132-133.
149 Almeida, Portuguese Immigrants, 2.
150 Lawrence Oliver, Never Backward: The Autobiography of Lawrence Oliver a
Portuguese-American (San Diego: The Author, 1972), xix.
151 Taft, 84-85.
152 Oliver, 39-40.
153 Mark Twain, The Innocents Abroad (New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1911), 39-40.
154 Baker, 36, 59.
155 Taft, 69; Baker, 59.
156 Taft, 70.
157 Taft, 72; Emilio, 1.
158 Oliver, 5.
159 Tony Jerome, Memories of a Portuguese Immigrant to the San Joaquin Valley
(Stevinson, San Joaquin Publishing, 1991), 3.
160 Baker, 33; Carew Hunt, "Description of the Island of St. Mary (Azores),"
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 15(1845):258-268)
161 Baker.
162 Benjamin, 517.
163 Walker, 130.
164 Twain, 46.
165 Oliver, 3-4.
166 Baker, 62.
167 Taft, 82; Iliowizi, 88.
168 Graves, Azorean Portuguese, 10.
169 Ibid.
170 Borges, 14; Graves, Azorean Portuguese, 14.
171 Emilio, 74.
172 Ibid.
173 Baker, 63; Emilio, 75.
174 Guill, History, 88-97.
175 Ernestine Anna Avila, "The Cultural Heritage of the Azorean Portuguese of
California" (Master's thesis, CSU, Fresno, 1970), 45.
176 Ibid., 45-46.
177 Ibid.
178 Emilio, 46.
179 Walker, 40.
180 Samuel Eliot Morison, The European Discovery of America: The Southern
Voyages (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974), 86-87.
181 Guill, Handbook, 481.
182 Emilio, 10-13.
183 Ibid., 13-18.
184 Guill, History, 99.
185 Walker, 39.
186 Guill, History, 102-107.
187 David Higgs, The Portuguese in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Associa-
tion, 1982), 112-121.
188 Guill, History, 131-139.
189 Rogers, Atlantic Islanders, 151-153.
190 Dabney, 1152.
191 Avila, ii; Hans Howard Leder, "Cultural Persistence in a Portuguese-Ameri-
can Community" (Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 1968), 18; Joaquim Costa, "Colonias
Portuguesas nas Ilhas de Havaii e America do Norte," Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa 30(June 1912):235.
192 Guill, History, 125.
193 Ibid.
194 Ibid.
195 Williams, xiv.
196 Ibid., 67-68.
197 Leder, 16.
198 Williams, 1.
199 Ibid., 66, 71.
200 Ibid., 66.
201 Ibid., 64-65.
202 Ibid., 72-73.
203 Ibid., xiii.
204 Benjamin, 513.
205 Ibid., 520.
206 Ibid., 522.
207 Walker, 108.
208 Anthony Terra Valim, Valim Valine Valin Family History (Modesto, CA: The
Author, 1988), 127.
209 Cabral, 34.
210 Leo Pap, The Portuguese-Americans (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1981), 11-17.
211 Cabral, 33-34.
212 Valim.
213 Oliver, 9.
214 Dervenn, 107.
215 Taft, 49; Walker, 107.
216 Williams, 71,75.
217 Leder, 39.
218 Taft, 95.
219 Oliver, 1.
220 Baker, 27-28.
221 Williams, 104; Thomas G. Sanders, "Portuguese Migrants -- International
and Domestic," in UFSI Reports, 1985/No. 18, 1-8 (Indianapolis: Universities Field
Staff International, 1985), 2.
222 Williams, 100, 108.
223 Bannerman, 9.
224 Holmes, 341.
225 Williams, 97.
226 Ibid., 98.
227 Frances W. Chapin, "Channels for Change: Emigrant Tourists and the Class
Structure of Azorean Migration," Human Organization 51(Spring 1992): 49.
228 Keefe, 83,95.
229 Sanders, 1.
230 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 3-4.
231 Jeremiah Digges, pseud. (Josef Burger), In Great Water: The Story of the Portuguese Fishermen (New York: Macmillan Company, 1941), 9.
232 Digges, 9-10.
233 Ibid., 29.
234 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 4-5; James P. Adler, Ethnic Minorities in Cambridge (Cambridge, MA: City of Cambridge, 1972), 13.
235 Soares, 27.
236 Da Silva, 70-74.
237 Digges, 30.
238 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 9.
239 Manoel da Silveira Cardozo, The Portuguese of America, 590 B.C.- 1974:
A Chronology and Fact Book (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1976), 6.
240 Cardozo, 6; Digges, 31-32; Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 9.
241 Digges, 31.
242 Holmes, 23.
243 Jose Cutileiro, A Portuguese Rural Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), 33.
244 Sandra Wolforth, The Portuguese in America (San Francisco: R & E Research
Associates, 1978), 7.
245 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 10-11.
246 Ibid., 12.
247 Ibid., 5,11-12; Francis M. Rogers, "Portuguese," in Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, ed. Stephen Thernstrom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 814.
248 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 12-13.
249 Ibid., 16.
250 Holmes, 240.
251 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 17.
252 Holmes, 24.
253 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 33-34, 50-51; Holmes, 17; Rogers, Portu- guese, 813.
254 Rogers, "Portuguese," 814; Holmes, 341.
255 Rogers, "Portuguese," 814.
256 Almeida, 12.
257 Holmes, 17; Christian John Bannick, "Portuguese Immigration to the United
States: Its Distribution and Status" (Master's thesis, University of California, Berkeley,
1917; reprint, San Francisco: R and E Research, 1971), 5.
258 Cabral, 13.
259 Ibid.
260 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 80.
261 Ibid.
262 Ibid., 35.
263 Williams, 103, 116.
264 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 95.
265 Holmes, 12.
266 Rogers, "Portuguese," 818.
267 Williams, 120.
268 Williams, 2,10; Raul d'Eca, "The Portuguese in the United States," Social
Science 14(October 1939): 365-369.
269 Williams, 2.
270 Emilio, 65.
271 Ibid., 69.
272 Dervenn, 147.
273 Ibid.
274 Ibid., 11.
275 Williams, 3.
276 Ibid.
277 Ibid., 5.
278 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 17.
279 Ibid., 20.
280 Herman Melville, Moby-Dick or the Whale (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964), 166.
281 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 21.
282 Ibid.
283 Dias de Melo, Dark Stones (Providence, RI: Gavea-Brown), 32.
284 U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries
of the United States, by George Brown Goode. (Washington, DC: The Commission, 1887), 229.
285 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 47.
286 Digges, ix.
287 Guill, Handbook, 22; Wolforth, 22.
288 Soares, 55.
289 Williams, 5.
290 Ibid.
291 Ibid., 10.
292 Wolforth, 9.
293 Eduardo Mayone Dias, "Portuguese Whalemen in America," trans. Geoffrey
L. Gomes (N.p.: N.d.), 18. (Copy held at J.A. Freitas Library, San Leandro, CA)
294 Ibid., 26.
295 Belmira E. Tavares, Portuguese Pioneers in the United States (Fall River, MA: The Author, 1973), 69.
296 A, Hyatt Verrill, The Real Story of the Whaler: Whaling Past, Present
(New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1923), 92.
297 Francis M. Rogers, Americans of Portuguese Decent: A Lesson in Differen- tiation (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1974), 6.
298 Keefe, 78.
299 Wolforth, 36.
300 Ibid., 33.
301 Digges, 61.
302 Wolforth, 38; Mary Heaton Vorse, "The Portuguese of Provincetown," Outlook 97(1893): 409-416.
303 Vorse, 415-416.
304 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 134.
305 Digges, 59-60.
306 Ibid., 59.
307 U.S. Commission, 176.
308 Jerome, 15.
309 Williams, 137.
310 Pap, Portuguese- Americans, 57.
311 Taft, 98.
312 Williams, 17.
313 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 22.
314 F.L. Hoffman, "Portuguese Population in the U.S.," Journal of the American
Statistical Association 6(1899): 327-336.
315 Taveras, 74; Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 137-138.
316 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 52.
317 Taveras, 33; Williams, 19.
318 Bannick, 42.
319 Oliver, 17.
320 Taft, 212.
321 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 139.
322 Taft, 210-211.
323 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 139.
324 Taft, 227.
325 Ibid., 225.
326 Tavares, 34.
327 Williams, 19.
328 Ibid., 17.
329 Cabral, 20.
330 Williams, 84.
331 Urban Tiger Holmes, "Portuguese Americans," in Our Racial and National Minorities, ed. Francis J. Brown and Joseph Slabney Roucek (New York: Prentice-Hall,
1937), 401.
332 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 57.
333 Oliver, 15.
334 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 55.
335 Williams, 26.
336 Taft, 255.
337 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 52-53.
338 Taft, 267.
339 Williams, 24.
340 Ibid., 252.
341 Bannick, 48.
342 Walton John Brown, "Portuguese in California" (Master's thesis, University of Southern California, 1944), 3-5.
343 Ibid., 14; Holmes, 32.
344 Holmes, 32.
345 Brown, 17-19.
346 Ibid., 19-20.
347 Ibid., 23-25.
348 Ibid., 41; History of Monterey and Santa Cruz Counties, California (Chicago:
S.J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1925), 32.
349 Brown, 30-35; Holmes, 33.
350 Brown, 35.
351 Brown, 43; Holmes, 33.
352 Brown, 44.
353 Ibid., 45.
354 Ibid.
355 Ibid., 48.
356 Carl H. Heilbron, ed., History of San Diego County (San Diego: San Diego
Press Club, 1936), 114.
357 Alvin Graves, "Immigrants in Agriculture: The Portuguese Californians, 1850-1970's" (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1977),40.
358 Heilbron, 114.
359 Richard William Crawford,"Whalers from the Golden Gate: A History of the San Francisco Whaling Industry, 1822-1908" (Master's thesis, 1981), 27-28.
360 Lloyd C.M. Hare, Salted Tores: The Story of the Whaling Fleets of San Francisco (Mystic, CN: The Marine Historical Association, 1960), 8.
361 Graves, "Immigrants," 43; Williams, 8.
362 Digges, xv.
363 Hare, 9.
364 Doris Wright, "The Making of Cosmopolitan California," California Historical Society Quarterly 19(December 1940):73.
365 Dabney, 632.
366 Williams, 7.
367 Digges, xviii.
368 Ibid., xvi.
369 Alvin Graves, "The Portuguese in California, 1850-1880: Geographical
Analysis of Early Settlement Phenomena," U.P.E.C. Life 73(July 1974), 4.
370 Graves, "Immigrants," 49.
371 Tim Stirling Hallinan, "The Portuguese of California" (Master's thesis, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley, 1964), 18.
372 Brown, 52.
373 Graves, "Portuguese," 4.
374 Holmes, 34.
375 Williams, 33.
376 Hallinan, 6.
377 Williams, 36.
378 Ibid., 8.
379 Graves, "Portuguese," 5.
380 Graves, "Immigrants," 58.
381 Graves, "Portuguese," 5-6.
382 Ibid., 6.
383 Ibid.
384 Ibid.
385 Ibid.
386 Ibid., 5.
387 Ibid.
388 Ibid., 7.
389 Forest Crissey, Where Opportunity Knocks Twice (Chicago: Reilly & Britton,
1914), 27.
390 Edwin C. Starks, A History of California Shore Whaling. California Fish and
Game Commission, Fish Bulletin, no. 6 (Sacramento: California State Printing Office,
1922), 17.
391 Ibid., 18.
392 Thomas Leo Nichols, "California Shore Whaling: 1854 to 1900" (Master's
thesis, CSU, Northridge, 1983), 85.
393 Starks, 8-9.
394 Albert S. Evans, A La California: Sketches of Life in the Golden State (San
Francisco: A.L. Bancroft & Co., 1873), 45; Starks, 9.
395 Starks, 20-29.
396 U.S. Commission, 602.
397 Starks, 24.
398 Evans, 45.
399 Nichols, 80.
400 Charles M. Scammon, The Marine Mammals of ther North-western Coast of
North America and the American Whale Fishery (Riverside, CA: Manessier Publishing
Co., 1969), 88.
401 Ibid., 250.
402 Brent Galloway, "Portuguese Settlement Patterns in 19th Century San Leandro," in Symposium (1st: 1974, San Leandro, CA) on the Portuguese Presence
in California (San Leandro, CA: U.P.E.C., 1974), 39.
403 Ibid., 37.
404 Harry E. Shaffer, A Garden Grows in Eden (San Leandro, CA: San Leandro
Historical Centennial Committee, 1972), 46.
405 Galloway, 37.
406 Ibid.
407 Vaz, 54.
408 Crissey, 74.
409 Ibid., 75.
410 Ibid., 90.
411 Jack London, The Valley of the Moon (London: Mills & Boon, 1914), 308.
412 Ibid., 309.
413 Graves, "Immigrants," 81; Crissey, 14; Hallinan, 50.
414 Gallloway, 43.
415 Graves, "Immigrants,"73.
416 Shaffer, 47.
417 Centennial Album: Commemorating the First One Hundred Years of the Portuguese Union of the State of California (San Leandro, CA: U.P.E.C., 1980).
418 Holmes, 45.
419 Ibid., 121-122.
420 Holmes, 121.
421 Crissey, 88, 93.
422 Ibid., 93.
423 Ibid.,80-82.
424 Ibid., 87.
425 Robert R. Brown and J.E. Richmond, History of Kings County (Hanford, CA:
A.H. Cawston, 1940), 68; Virginia Thickens, "Pioneer Agricultural Colonies of Fresno
County," California Historical Society Quarterly 25(March 1946): 30.
426 Crissey, 66.
427 Ibid., 67.
428 Ibid., 67-69.
429 Vaz, 58-60.
430 Hallinan, 51.
431 Vaz, 59.
432 Helen Hohenthal and Helen Manha Miguel, "The Portuguese: an Important
Element," in Streams in a Thirsty Land: A History of the Turlock Region, ed. Helen Alma
Hohenthal (Turlock, CA: City of Turlock, 1972), 90.
433 Rogers, Americans, 8.
434 Ibid., 31-32.
435 Ibid., 32.
436 Ernestine Victoria Borba, "Portuguese Immigrant Adjustment and Informal
Networks" (Master's thesis, San Jose State University, 1979), 53-54; John Henry Felix and Peter F. Senecal, The Portuguese in Hawaii (Honolulu: The Authors, 1978), 35.
437 Williams, 54.
438 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 147.
439 Williams, 56.
440 Ibid., 55-58.
441 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 77-78.
442 Rogers, Americans, 8.
443 Brown, "Portuguese," 68; Williams, 56.
444 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 76.
445 Jerome, 13.
446 Almeida, 17-18.
447 Leder, 34.
448 Jerome, 5.
449 Jack London, Martin Eden (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 212.
450 Digges, 9.
451 Graves, "Immigrants," 83.
452 Hallinan, 52.
453 Williams, 37; Graves, "Immigrants," 82.
454 Hallinan, 55.
455 Crissey, 66-67.
456 Graves, "Azorean," 27-31.
457 Graves, "Immigrants," 125-127.
458 August Felando, "The Fishing Industry in San Diego from1800 to the Present," in They Came from the Sea, ed. Carl F. Reupsch (San Diego: Cabrillo Historical
Association, 1979), 60.
459 Graves, "Azorean," 60.
460 Ibid.," 60-61; Leder, 43.
461 Graves, "Azorean," 61-62.
462 Ibid., 48.
463 Ibid., 48-51.
464 Ibid., 35.
465 Ibid., 49.
466 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 145.
467 Graves, "Immigrants," 120.
468 Hallinan, 61.
469 Ibid., 85.
470 Graves, "Immigrants," 136.
471 Hallinan, 86a.
472 Starks, 6.
473 Brown, "Portuguese," 57.
474 Emilio, 66.
475 William H. Thomes, The Whaleman's Adventure in the Sandwich Islands and
California (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1872), 64.
476 Williams, 34.
477 Starks, 5.
478 Ibid., 6.
479 Ibid., 7.
480 Dorilag, 6.
481 Ibid., 9.
482 Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco: The History
Company, 1890), 82.
483 Dorilag, 8.
484 Hare, 24.
485 Crawford, 40.
486 Brown, "Portuguese," 47; Oliver, 24; Frederick G. Bohme, "The Portuguese
in California," California Historical Quarterly 35(September 1956), 240.
487 Brown, "Portuguese," 58.
488 U.S. Commission, 609.
489 Michael K. Orbach, Hunters, Seaman, and Entrepreneurs (Berkeley: Univer-
sity of California Press, 1977), 7.
490 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 134.
491 Hepsy A. Adams, "Pilgrims from Portugal," Westways 45(May 1953), 4.
492 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 73; Williams, 46-47.
493 Hallinan, 81.
494 Eduardo Mayone Dias, "A Imigracao Portuguesa na California," Seara Nova
1515(January 1972): 12.
495 Graves, "Immigrants," xiv.
496 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 72.
497 Hohenthal, 94; Leder, 46.
498 Brown, "Portuguese," 72-73.
499 Eden Writers, Hayward . . . the First 100 Years (Hayward, CA: Hayward
Centennials Committee, 1975), 93.
500 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 90; Williams. 128.
501 Higgs, 3,14; Williams, 101.
502 Donald Warrin, "Portuguese Pioneers in Early Nevada," Journal of Nevada
History (): 42.
503 Ibid., 45.
504 Ibid., 45-46.
505 Ibid., 48.
506 Ibid., 51.
507 Onesimo T. Almeida, "A Profile of the Azorean," in Issues in Portuguese
Bilingual Education, ed. Donaldo P. Macedo (Cambridge, MA: National Assessment
and Dissemination Center for Bilingual/Bicultural Education, 1980), 124.
508 Brown, "Portuguese," 78.
509 Almeida, "Profile," 116.
510 Ibid., 128.
511 Ibid., 134.
512 Hoffman, 335; Rita Moniz, "The Portuguese of New Bedford, Massachusetts
and Providence, Rhode Island: A Comparative Micro-Analysis of Political Attitudes and
Behavior" (Ph.D. diss., Brown University, 1979), 61, 79; Paul Charles Whitehead,
"The Assimilation of the Portuguese in Fall River, Massachusetts" (Master's thesis,
University of Massachusetts, 1966), 76-78.
513 Brown, History.
514 Crane, 275.
515 Whitehead, 61, 64.
516 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 123.
517 Adler, 48; Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 127.
518 Bannick, 60.
519 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 129.
520 Ibid., 125.
521 Ibid., 29.
522 Ibid., 36.
523 Ibid., 26-28; Adler, 45.
524 Graves, "Immigrants," 128-129.
525 Williams, 86-87.
526 Wolforth, 113-117.
527 Leder, 33.
528 Wolforth, 113.
529 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 177.
530 Ibid., 178; Whitehead, 44.
531 Digges, 71; Vaz, 53; Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 207.
532 Rogers, Americans, 19.
533 Graves, "Immigrants," 29.
534 Rogers, Americans, 9.
535 Ibid., 20-24.
536 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 119.
537 Rogers, Americans, 27.
538 Ibid., 27-29.
539 Ibid., 32.
540 Holmes, Portuguese, 171-172; Henry R. Lang, "Portuguese Element in New
England," Journal of American Folklore 5(1892): 16.
541 Leder, 33.
542Ibid., 41; Wolforth, 103.
543 Moniz, 71.
544 Wolforth, 97.
545 Hallinan, 45; Vaz, 80.
546 Ibid., 46-47.
547 Vaz, 120-123.
548 Dianna Fernandez, "Identity Through Ritual: The Holy Ghost Festival in
Hayward, California" (Master's thesis, CSU, Hayward, 1985), 45-52.
549 Ibid., 54.
550 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 188.
551 Holmes, Portuguese, 103.
552 Vaz, 102; Mari Lyn Salvador, Festas Acoreanas: Portuguese Religious Cele-
brations in California and the Azores (Oakland, CA: Oakland Museum History Depart-
ment, 1981), 48-49.
553 Cordeyro, 90.
554 Salvador, 48.
555 A.H. Gayton, "The 'Festa da Serreta' at Gustine," Western Folklore 7(1948):
251-257.
556 Leder, 52.
557 Pap, Portuguese-Americans, 182; Rogers, "Portuguese," 817.
558 Brown, "Portuguese," 71; Hallinan, 42.
559 Emily Yates Mowry, "Portuguese Colonies in California: A Problem in Race
Amalgamation," Out West, N.S. 1(January 1911): 145.
560 Adler, 1.
561 Wolforth, 76.
562 Bannick, 24.
563 Ibid., 19; Cordeyro, 90.
564 Hallinan, 116; Wolforth, 77.
565 Leder, 63.
566 Ibid., 52.
567 Jerome, 3.
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